Biology. Matthew Gray (2005)
“Fiddler Crabs as Bioindicators of Recovery from an Oil Spill in Staten Island Salt Marshes”
Behavior of mud fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax) was previously studied before and after the 1990 oil spill in the Arthur Kill. Fourteen years later we performed the same tests to see if there was any improvement in behavior. Other studies have shown long term effects of oil spills on fiddler crabs. We collected a total of 30 crabs from 2 of the original test sites and tested 3 behavioral traits. The data revealed that the crabs’ behavior resembled that of the control crabs tested before the 1990 spill, suggesting recovery from the oil spill. Water samples demonstrated that current levels of contamination by other toxins are high.

Biology. Maura Melvin (2005)
“Corticosteroid-Induced Glaucoma”
Corticosteroids are used as anti-inflammatory agents. Administration of corticosteroids has been shown to elevate intraocular pressure, causing various conditions including glaucoma. Glaucoma results from a buildup of pressure inside the eye and can lead to vision loss. There are several mechanisms responsible for corticosteroid-induced glaucoma. All result from a change in the trabecular meshwork that allows aqueous drainage in the eye. Physicians should evaluate the benefits of corticosteroid usage and the adverse effects it can cause before administering this therapy, particularly in susceptible patients. An understanding of corticosteroids and its metabolic effects are important in preventing corticosteroid-induced glaucoma. Keywords: Glaucoma, Corticosteroids, Steroids, Vision, Intraocular Pressure

Biology. Chris Powell (2005)
“Effects of Alcohol on Zebrafish Shoaling”
Hormesis is the theory that low doses of a potentially harmful substance may have positive or stimulatory effects. Through the use of ethanol, we tested for hormetic effects on schooling behavior and shoal cohesion. Using groups of six zebra fish (Danio rerio), we exposed fish to varying ethanol (EtOH) concentrations for 60 minutes, then recorded activity for 12 minutes. Alcohol had a hormetic/stimulatory effect at [0.25] EtOH. There was statistically significant variation among control and alcohol concentrations in both shoal area and nearest neighbor distance. We found a hormetic effect at [0.25] EtOH, with the greatest decrease in nearest neighbor distance and overall shoal area.

Biology. Kristen Risch (2005)
“Effects of Alcohol on Species Recognition in Zebrafish”
Hormesis is the concept that chemical agents can act as activators at low levels and inhibitors at high levels. Hormesis is used when studying animal behavior in order to observe how different toxins may affect normal behavior. This study focuses on the effects of low level concentrations of ethanol (EtOH) on species recognition in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure occurred at five different alcohol concentrations, 0.00%, 1.00%, 0.50%, 0.25% and 0.125%. Preference for conspecifics was established at 0.00%. Exposure to alcohol at 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.50%, shifted preference towards heterospecifics (Pearl danios, D. albolineatus). At 1.00%, there was no preference for either species.

Biology. Robert Mancuso (2005)
“FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)”
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have a serious effect on the development of an embryo and or fetus. This poses a risk to the normal development and health of a newborn child. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the maternal consumption of alcohol affects the fetus during the stages of development; specifically during gamete formation, fertilization, embryonic development and fetal development. Alcohol induces various birth defects during pregnancy, the prevalence and frequency of these effects depends on the amount of alcohol exposure and the time of development during exposure. Thus, the paper will cover the teratogenic effects of alcohol during various intervals of pregnancy and describe how Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol effects arises from this exposure.

Biology. Rikki Singh (2005)
“Mechanisms of Action in Dental Anesthetics”.
Topical anesthetics are discussed, as well as analgesics and oral conscious sedation dentistry. Non-narcotic analgesics are used often for toothache, while narcotic analgesics are used for relieving more extreme feelings of pain like the ones that contain codeine which influence the central nervous system. Oral conscious sedation dentistry is good in treating milder degrees of dental anxiety. Bupivicaine (Marcaine) should not be used in children because of its toxic potential as an amide local anesthetic. The use of dental anesthetics has evolved as there is more medical basis for dental procedures today than there ever was before. Anesthetics and sedation therapies need to be adjusted to each patient’s specific health risks.

Biology. Nicholas G. Sterlacci (2005)
“Mast Cell Tumors in Canines And Felines”
This review paper focuses on mast cell tumors in canines and felines, most specifically domesticated dogs and cats. It covers the basics of the normal functioning mast cell and how it may become cancerous. I also discuss the methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies, and prognoses of those who are unfortunate enough to be inflicted with a mast cell tumor.

Biology. Michael Weiss (2005)
“The Overuse of Antimicrobials: Antibiotic Resistance”
Antibiotic resistance among bacteria is a growing problem in the United States, and around the world. From increasing incidences of antibiotic resistant microbes in our hospitals, ever-increasing use of antibiotics in our populations and on our farms, and lack of foresight into the future of drug production, we are, in effect, creating our own demise through the overuse of antibiotics.

Biopsychology. Frank Garritano (2005)
“Organotypic Slice Culture of the Zebrafish Brain”
An organotypic culture technique was adapted to study whether adult zebrafish brain slices could survive in vitro and serve as an experimental model for investigating the direct cellular effects of alcohol, with particular interest in alcohol’s hormetic effects. Massive degeneration of the neuronal tissue began 48 hours after cultivation, though some neurons and glial cells survived up to 14 days. Morphological signs of demyelinization and inflammation could be detected in all investigated stages, with the appearance of considerable number of mast cells after 48 hours. It was concluded that this tissue model could serve to study the effect of alcohol on myriad, specific cellular events of neuronal degeneration.

Biopsychology. Kristen Pettis (2005)
“Stepping Up the Pace to Restore the Natural Environment of the Florida Everglades”
The Florida Everglades are critical habitats for birds, fish, and many other kinds of species. It also supplies most of Florida with resources such as sugar cane crop production and drinking water. Over the years, through overuse and abuse, the Everglades are on the verge of total destruction. Urbanization and crop over-production have diminished the flow and quality of water. Nitrogen and Phosphorus contaminate the waters ceasing the growth of natural plants. Species populations have diminished and some are even becoming extinct. Through extensive recovery projects, the Everglades are on the verge of restoration. Complete restoration is needed to provide immediate benefits for the endangered habitat.

Business. Ryan Pagan (2005)
“Business Environment at Spiro Sports Center”
My thesis discusses the inconsistencies in the business environment from where I interned, in the Spiro Sports Center at Wagner College. My thesis focuses on the follies and mistakes business and organizations make through the misuse as well as allocation of man power, resources, information systems and poor organizational structures. Through my journal entries and research, my paper reflects the negative impact of nepotism, as well as how a poor business model and information systems can affect communication in a firm, dramatically altering their ability to do business efficiently and effectively.

Business. Trevor J. Lloyd (2005)
“Michael Dell, Jack Welch, Brian Devine”
In my senior thesis I covered Michael Dell, Jack Welch, and Brian Devine in reference to their achievements in their respected fields. Michael Dell’s biggest contribution and lesson to success in business is that he used the “outside-in” in reference to what the customer wanted and how it would affect business. Jack Welch was the world’s greatest CEO and transformed General Electric from a slow mammoth to a fast and flexible machine that could adapt to a changing society. Brian Devine is the CEO of Petco Animal Supplies Inc and had spearheaded the second largest pet supply company in the world. Lastly, I compared Jack Welch’s model of a “Learning organization” to my own experience with Petco Animal Supplies Inc. Three major reasons for success in my experience were commitment, leadership, and teamwork.

Business. Sandeep Sankarankutty (2005)
“Internship at Merrill Lynch”
Interning at Merrill Lynch was an extraordinary opportunity, especially considering it is led by one of the most highly controversial CEO’s on Wall Street, Stan O’Neal. O’Neal management style closely reflects another controversial CEO, Jack Welch. The thesis is based on a comparative analysis of the two best cost cutting CEO’s of our time; The similarities in their strategies and how they went about restructuring their organizations to implement more cost effective business practices, while changing corporate cultures that have been maintained for almost a century.

Business. Brooks Madden (2005)
“Jim Simpson and Management Styles”
The paper starts off with a quote summing up the issues battling our economy. The late 1990s and early 2000s brought seismic changes to corporate America and U.S. Financial markets—changes that shock our collective confidence in several of our most important institutions. In order to succeed the CEO had to persevere and face the challenges that had arisen. Jim Simpson the CEO of Victory Worldwide Transportation was my boss. He felt that leadership, strategy and customer service were the most important issues a CEO must address. His leadership concepts resembled those of Herb Kelleher (Southwest Airlines), Jack Welch of GE, Sam Walton of Wal-Mart and Andy Grove of Intel. His strategic plans were on the same playing field as Kelleher and Welch. Customer satisfaction is Jim strives on; he will out of his way for the customer.

Business. Justin Nana (2005)
“James C. Smith and Herb Kelleher”
Interning at Webster Insurance was a very educational experience for a future career. Webster is run by James C. Smith who used aggressive strategies to build the company up substantially in a short period of time. As another great CEO in the business, Herb Kelleher used many similar techniques to become one of America’s greatest CEOs. These two leaders have many thing in common for running an exceptional business.

Chemistry. Janine Borgaro (2005)
“Synthesis and In Vitro Aanalysis of Iron(III)-Based Contrast Aagents”
The detection of tumors by traditional contrast agents that are used for magnetic image resonance has been proven inefficient due to the rapid rate of excretion from the blood. Although, by binding a contrast agent to a macromolecule such as human serum albumin (HSA), allows the contrast agent to stay in the blood for a loner period of time. Also, binding contrast agents to a macromolecule decreases the spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) as a result of the Proton Relaxation Effect (PRE). This allows for a direct distinction between vascularized and non-vascularized tissue and an enhanced detection of tumors. A series of ligands, all able to bind to HSA, were synthesized and coordinated to iron(III). A 20 MHz minispec was used to establish the relaxivities of the iron(III) complexes in water and HSA solution.

Chemistry. Kalyn S. Kimler (2005)
“The Testing and Production of Current and Future Felt Products”
Felt is currently used in hundreds of today’s products and is experimented with daily for future products. Felt has a variety of applications for which it is adopted by its unique assortment of physical properties. With these physical properties known a specific production technique can be established holding its characteristics under positive and negative control. Using the American Association of Textile Chemist and Colorists (AATCC) Manual, felt can be manipulated. Using the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Manual, felt can be tested to meet the specifications of a company. With the use of a research and development department, felt can be both manipulated and tested in the laboratory to develop new felt products that can be used in today’s expanding and demanding society.

Chemistry. Yuliana Toderika (2005)
“Hydrothermal Crystal Growth of ZnO Using Ethylenediamine-Based Ligands”
The chemistry of aqueous zinc solutions was explored to see the effect on size and morphology of zinc oxide crystals. Multidentate ligands such as tetraethylenepentamine pentahydrochloride (tetren’s salt), ethylenediamine-N, N’- diacetic acid and pentaethylenehexamine were investigated separately in the growth of ZnO crystals. In this study, complexing agents and pH were varied in the precipitation of ZnO from basic aqueous solutions. Autoclaves were used for synthesis at 200 °C and approximately 15 atm. Optical microscopy on the resulting products revealed crystals with a needle habit at all pH and plates for specific ligands at low pH. The overall variation in size and morphology may be explained to some degree by considering the coordinating nature and polarity of the ligands and KOH molality.

English. Abbie Leese (2005)
“Rushdie for Kids”
I adapted Salman Rushdie’s novel, “Haroun and the Sea of Stories,” into a children’s play. I then took this 36 page play to York Country Day School, where I worked with the high school Theatre Magnet students for one week. I also went into the Lower School classrooms and had students from three years old to 5th graders help me to decorate the backdrops for the play, and to assemble costumes. At the end of the week, the 11 high school students and one high school teacher presented the production for the Lower School.

Microbiology. Leann Matta (2005)
“Trehalose and Its Effects on Long-term Microbial Storage”
Many biological samples are stored for long-term storage in research facilities. Unfortunately, certain time restraints are placed on many samples due to chemical and physiological changes. This report considers the use of the disaccharide trehalose as a bioprotectant in coating microbial specimens in order to find better ways of storing samples. Microbes of interest included Yersinia enterocolitica, Erwinia herbicola, and Bacillus atrophaeus. A difference was noticed between lyophilized samples and the regularly frozen samples, compared to room temperature samples. Upon completion of a comparison study, where the same microbes are studied in the absence of trehalose, it may be possible to conclude the efficacy of trehalose in microbial storage.

Music. John Wolff (2005)
“Blind”
My CD project, “Blind,” contains ten original pop-rock songs, which I co-wrote with producer Eric Enjem and songwriter Chris Decker. The songs are 1970s/80s-style dance-rock combined with a glossy-introspective-turn-of-the-century-rock-n-roll.

Nursing. Roxanne Febrick (2005)
“Prolonged QT Syndrome in College Athletes”
College athletes, and athletes at any level, are required to undergo a routine physical examination before competing in their sport. Often, underlying cardiac anomalies are undetected, which could result in deadly consequences. There is a lack of consistency in the pre-participation screening (PPE) used on athletes nationwide, and is often not thorough enough to detect serious cardiac conditions. If athletes are given information through discussions and question/answer sessions, they will have an increased knowledge of the signs and symptoms of cardiac problems. They can then relate any of these possible signs and symptoms they may have been experiencing to a possible cardiac condition and seek treatment with a physician appropriately. Discontinuation of participation in a sport could be recommended. This study’s goal was to increase athletes’ knowledge and awareness of Prolonged QT Syndrome to reduce the number of sudden cardiac deaths through early interventions. The use of EKG’s and echocardiograms (which are not used during a regular physical exam) can be requested by the athlete themselves if the symptoms are recognized. Prolonged QT Syndrome is one of the conditions that can be easily diagnosed with the use of an EKG, and if detected early, can save lives. If an athlete is aware he/she has this condition, withdrawing from the sport would be highly recommended to reduce the incidence of sudden death.

Political Science Steven Block (2004)
“Racism in the Media”
Racism in media has become an increasingly important topic with the development of the internet and television news. Almost everyone that participates in society is subject to some media outlet. This paper presents three views of racism projected through the media including Martin Gilen’s controversial theory of unconscious racism. The paper also includes experiences and findings during a three-month internship at the Staten Island Advance.

Political Science. Troy Sogluizzo (2004)
“The Emancipation of Children: Age of Majority Versus 21.”
Provided with the opportunity to observe, read and digest selected cases in the Staten Island Courts, I became interested in the particular problem relating to the age of emancipation, and I researched law journals available at the courts, interviewed and recorded the oral history of a young lady who was successfully emancipated at the age of seventeen who is now serving as a New York City police officer, and followed through with a comparison of regulations for the emancipation of children in New York City with those in Cleveland, Ohio.

Political Science. Matthew Sheehan (2004)
“Political Participation”
One serious problem of contemporary American society is the relative lack of political participation. Political participation can be looked at in terms of both technical issues and cultural issues. Technical issues are relatively easy to deal with. However, while changing the political culture of Americans would be a far more effective measure, it is overwhelmingly more difficult. I have had the opportunity to examine both types of political participation issues firsthand through volunteering with the Kerry Presidential campaign and Barbaro Congressional campaign.

Psychology. Rej Joo (2004)
“Transgender Identity and Traditional Counseling Approaches”
Based on experiences in a gay/lesbian/transgender-serving counseling center, this paper examines traditional counseling approaches that use diagnostic terms such as “transvestic fetishism” and “gender identity disorder” vs. an approach that affirms transgender identity and adopts a “trans-positive” or “trans-affirmative” orientation in counseling.

Psychology. Gina Sportiello (2004)
“Relational Aggression: Finding Ways to Deal with a Negative Female Behavior”
This study examines relational aggression among young women. It recounts establishing a mentorship program at a local all-girls high school in order to begin interventions which address relational aggression. One conclusion reached is that relational aggression needs to be assessed before high school and interventions should be started at a younger age in order to decrease this behavior.

Psychology. Jessica Warren (2004)
“Does Gender Affect Adjustment in Middle Childhood?”
Changing ideas about gender are examined. The study notes that parents need to realize what an impact they have on how their children value their gender and the place they have in society as belonging to one gender or another. Parents who do not pass on healthy views of both men and women may be setting their child up for future gender identity disorders.

Psychology. Leeah Thomas (2004)
“Interacting with the Disabled”
The present paper describes interactions with developmentally disabled adults in an adult day care center. It describes the participants’ personalities and how they get manage in their environment. It is emphasizes how important rehabilitation programs are to serving mentally disabled people.

Psychology. LaToya Washington (2004)
“Dual Diagnosis: Prevalence of Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia Co-occurrence”
This paper explores the co-occurrence of a history of substance abuse in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. The study, which was carried out at a local psychiatric hospital shows a significant correlation between a history of substance abuse in the teen and early adult years and a diagnosis of schizophrenia requiring institutional care.

Psychology. Rebecca Coldren (2004)
“Developmental Disabilities: From Obstacles to Opportunities”
This paper documents the improvements in everyday functioning of adults with moderate to severe developmental disabilities that result from carefully organized and monitored activities and experiences with a volunteer staff supervised by social workers and professional psychologists. The placement was with moderate to severe developmental disabilities.

Psychology. Maria Trakas (2004)
“Factors that Influence Effect in Old Age”
Based on an internship in a nursing home, the study describes levels of interpersonal interaction between staff and elderly residents and the importance of such interactions for maintaining affective involvement of residents with staff and each other. It shows the importance of emotional responsiveness in the maintenance of general health.

Psychology. Jennifer O’Connor (2004)
“Domestic Violence Shelters: Their Effect on the Consequences of Witnessing”
Based on an internship at a shelter for women who are victims of domestic violence, the study documents the reported adverse effects on children who witness episodes of domestic violence at home. The long-term effects on psychological development are documented in second-generation perpetrators of violence who themselves witnessed violent interactions between their parents.

Psychology. Kiera Barone (2004)
“Over-drugging Society’s Children: Misdiagnoses and the Ritalin Effect”
This is a study of the use of Ritalin and similar compounds in the treatment of behavioral disorders in elementary and secondary school age children. Observations suggest that ADD and ADHD may be overdiagnosed and treatment with drugs may be not only not effective but even harmful to the development of children so diagnosed.

Psychology. Daniel Gollin (2004)
“Case Study: ‘John’ ”
This case study describes a series of interactions with a boy, age 3, whose communication skills are notably deficient for his age. The case is presented from the perspective of effective interventions for helping the child mature developmentally in a day-care setting. Questions are raised regarding differential diagnosis of childhood autism vs. delayed development.

Psychology. Jaqueline Shaw (2004)
“Special Education in a New York Public School: Description of Evaluation Procedures; an Analysis of Effective Implementation”
This paper describes and evaluates the procedure of admitting students to special education programs at a New York City public school. The results indicate that the current procedure of referral, evaluation, recommendation, placement, planning and review is effective.

Psychology. Jaqueline Safatle (2004)
“The Effects of Foster Care on Children”
Based on experiences in a social service agency that monitors the placement of children in foster homes, this paper shows that there is a wide range of both negative and positive effects on children’s experiences in foster care settings. It is suggested that increased staff and closer supervision and follow-up of placements would be beneficial for children in foster care.

Psychology. Bradley Seymour (2004)
“Alzheimer’s-Type Dementia in Persons with Down Syndrome”
An examination of the DSM-IV characteristics of two patient groups seen in a mental health facility for developmentally disabled adults. The diagnostic features of both clinical entities are compared for similarities and differences. Criteria for distinguishing the two disorders are presented.

Psychology. Nicole Davis (2004)
“The Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Children”
Giving troubled children basic music lessons in an after-school public education setting is shown to have a positive effect on the emotional, cognitive and interpersonal development of these children. Nonverbal forms of communication such as music performance afford children a way of expressing themselves and their conflicts.

Psychology. Edward Pietrowski (2004)
“Sperry’s Emergent Interactionism: Human Values and Future Implications”
An historical and literature review of Sperry’s theory of emergent interactionism and its influence on modern psychology. The theory is shown to have had an important effect on psychologists’ thinking about the development of ethical and political attitudes and behavior.

Psychology. Melissa Travostino (2004)
“Psychiatric Hospitalization: Treatment or Torture?”
A critical appraisal of the effectiveness of long-term institutional care of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and other severe forms of mental illness that required hospitalization. Observations are based on six months of participation in work with patients on a ward for both short-term and long-term hospitalized patients. The effective use of psychotropic medications is evaluated.

Sociology. Gerard N. Mangieri (2005)
“A Discussion of the Flaws and Ineffectiveness of Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Guidelines”
In 1984, Congress passed legislation that drastically altered the criminal justice system. In their vote to enact the Federal Sentencing Reform Act, Congressional leaders took it upon themselves to determine the appropriate forms of punishment for all crimes listed in the Model Penal Code, thereby violating the separation of powers. The nature of Federal and State mandatory sentencing guidelines are discussed. Additionally, an overview of the flaws inherent in State guidelines will be provided, with a particular examination of the public’s opinion of sentencing, and the gender and racial bias these statutes have created.

Sociology. Adam Metzinger. (2005)
“Gender, Knowledge, and Trivial Pursuit: The ‘Nature’ of Knowing.”
Recently, a young man who was an average student defeated his genius girlfriend in a game of Trivial Pursuit. How does this happen? A review of the literature first pointed to differences in the way the two genders collect and use data; males tended to be more quantitative thinkers, while females tended to be more qualitative. Some sources suggested innate biological differences. Data for this wasn’t compelling. Finally, it came down to the difference between common sense and intelligence. Intelligence is derived from schooling, and common sense derived from real-world experience.

Sociology. Alex Moore (2005)
“War, Music, and Understanding”
According to Robinson (1997) music and war evoke feelings of understanding. This specific understanding is different with every person but in general music helps to direct overwhelming and conflicting feelings of war and trauma. This paper discusses music’s role in war and how it unites people in times of trauma, helps with the healing process and ultimately brings one to an understanding of what life really means after war. In every aspect of war, music is used and will continue to be used throughout time as the natural medicine for trauma.

Sociology. Allyson Sanfilippo (2005)
“Hospice care and limits to its early access.”
Hospice care is a holistic approach of caring for people who are terminally ill, as well as their families. Through the help of hospice, dying can be a good experience. It promotes a different environment than one might expect for terminally ill patients. It provides a quality of life that eases pain, and prepares the patient and their family for death. However, barriers such as lack of awareness and support and terminal prognosis impede early access to hospice care. Impeding early access to hospice care denies patients and their loved ones to benefit entirely from the mission and philosophy of hospice.

Sociology. Brian Giroux (2005)
“College Athletics and the Pressure from Faculty and Boosters”
Athletics in our society has become a huge sub-culture, in some cases a larger sub-culture then religion. As time has progresses sports have become heavily watched and broadcasted media. College athletics have become a part of this sport sub-culture, with the student athlete as one its stars. College athletics today is very demanding, and the influence of corporate sponsors, alumni, and the media to do well has turned many college athletic programs into multi-million dollar industries. The only draw back is the student athlete suffers from this need to win by not being able to succeed in the classroom.

Sociology. John Sciarra (2005)
“Education and opportunity: The public school system is the way to go!”
The public school system provides a more comprehensive education and more equality than private schools. This is a very contentious argument; most people would disagree with it. Through personal encounters and in-depth research, I have come to believe that the public school system, as a whole, provides a better education on two levels: academic, and the surrounding environment and opportunity.

Sociology. Jude Masullo (2005)
“Wanting to Work: People with disabilities in the workforce”
Mentally disabled people have been fighting to become active members of the workforce for years. Over the years it has been proven that some mentally disabled people are capable of holding jobs. Policies have been put in place by the government such as the American Disabilities Act to protect mentally disabled people in the work force, but employers still discriminate against them. Being employed not only benefits a mentally disabled person financially, but more importantly it gives them a role in society.

Sociology. Julius Davis (2005)
“The harm of hate: Prejudice against people with developmental disabilities in healthcare and the workforce”
According to Waldman (2004), the Census Bureau reported in 2000 that 2.6 million developmentally disabled children between the ages of five and fifteen are non-institutionalized in the U.S. Out of these 2.6 million children, there are more than 1.6 million children with mental disabilities, and more than a half of a million with two or more disabilities. These disabled children make up a small portion of this oppressed group by society, who lack resources that will allow them to acquire quality healthcare and enter the workforce.

Sociology. Leila F. Oloumi (2005)
“Child care and preschool aged children: The effect of long hours and poor quality of care”
Child care is becoming more of a necessity in America due to single parenting and both parents being employed. According to the National Household Education Survey of 2001, about 75 percent of preschool aged children received child care from someone other than a parent. This literature review examines how poor quality of care and long hours in child care affect a preschool aged child. Research proves that preschool aged children who receive poor quality of care and spend long hours in child care are negatively affected when it comes to their behavioral, emotional, social, and cognitive development.